This study combines novel, non-invasive neuromonitoring techniques with advanced signal processing analyses to develop fundamental knowledge necessary for the prevention and treatment of post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) delirium. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG), we will monitor brain activity in delirious and lucid states during recovery from general anesthesia. By analyzing hemodynamic and electrical activity within the brain, we will quantify differences in cerebral hemodynamics and cortical connectivity during episodes of PACU delirium.